1679 10 20655 http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/186d247ebf762dfacd6685578c20d229.pdf 11407b364edaab4eeb5d2eb490adb7a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Retrospective Evaluation of the Prevelance and Seasonal Distribution of Coronaviridae Positivity Before the COVID-19 Pandemic (2016-2020) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Meryem ÇOLAK, Anıl AKTAŞ TAPISIZ, Özlem GÜZEL TUNÇCAN, Gülendam BOZDAYI Description An account of the resource Introduction: Coronaviruses are the agents of viral respiratory infections and cause severe respiratory infections, especially in the elderly, those with chronic disease and immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to determine the positive and common types of Coronaviridae family in patients admitted to our hospital in the four-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic (2016-2020) andto investigate the distribution of coronavirus positivity by age groups, months, seasons and years.Materials and Methods: Between February 2016 and January 2020, clinical samples of 1164 female (45%) and 1428 (55%) male patients were sent to the molecular virology laboratory from the various clinics of Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine Hospital due to symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection. Coronaviridae family positivity was investigated retrospectively in clinical samples of 2592patients aged 0-101 years. Nucleic acid extraction from the clinical samples was performed with the ‘EZ1 Virus Mini Kit’. For viral DNA amplification, it was performed by multiplex Real-Time PCR method using ‘FTD Respiratory Pathogen 21’ test. Statistical analysis of the distribution of coronavirus positivity by age groups, months, seasons and years was done by SPSS 20.0 computer program.Results: Two hundred and twenty-nine (8.8%) of the clinical samples were found to be positive for any Coronavirus type. The most common type of Coronavirus was found to be CoV-229E with 52% (119/229). The distribution of other coronavirus types including CoV-HKU1, CoV-OC43 and CoV NL63 was determined as 19.2% (44/229), 17.4% (40/229) and 14% (32/229) respectively, and the most common type of Coronavirus changed from year to year. Single Coronavirus positivity was found to be 48.1%, its association with other viruses was 51.9%. The highest coinfection of Coronavirus was found in Rhinovirus (35.3%) and influenza A virus (19.3%). Patients over 60 years of age were found to have a higher rate (30.6%) positivity compared to other age groups (p< 0.05). The highest rate of Coronavirus positivity was observed in January (17.4%) and the lowest rate in June (1.7%). It was observed that the highest rate of positivity (44.2%) was in winter and the lowest rate (8.2%) was in summer (p< 0.05). Coronaviruses were found to be detected at higher rates in winter with seasonal variation (p< 0.05).Conclusion: Since it is not possible to diagnose viral respiratory tract infections based on clinical findings, viral respiratory panel and Multiplex real time PCR test is a fast and useful method in routine diagnosis for early diagnosis and treatment and to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics. Coronaviridae family positivity is seen in patients over 60 years of age and in seasonal variation, with higher rates in winter. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource coronavirus, Respiratory tract infection, multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.5578/flora.69930 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Flora Infeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Microbiology, Infectious and parasitic diseases http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/3668e4d295ce944197d4da1f905216f6.pdf f22c07241ee6481b1712041eab17d8be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Retrospective serosurveillance for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin during a time of low prevalence: A cautionary tale. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Paul William Bird, Christopher Holmes, Oliver Fletcher, Vinay Badhwar, Oliver Toovey, Julian Wei-Tze Tang Description An account of the resource We performed a retrospective screening of 428 serum samples for anti-SARS-CoV-2  immunoglobulin during a period of low prevalence. Employing two different serological tests yielded discrepant results for 10 samples; highlighting an increased risk of potential  false positive results and the need for further confirmatory testing before publication of data. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Subject The topic of the resource SARS-CoV-2, low prevalence, serological testing Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.007 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Journal of infection http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/57564cce57f65bdeb31995b52c00edec.pdf b25ef37d6a9e8526f9b9c957a57ae30e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Retrospective study of nail telemedicine visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michelle J Chang, Shari R Lipner, Claire R Stewart Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.1111/dth.14630 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Dermatologic therapy http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/934541192a1b45af6a343c5d16278080.pdf 1a407ab830882567bc48e3964d818da5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lisa E Gralinski, Vineet D. Menachery Description An account of the resource The emergence of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has awakened the echoes of SARS-CoV from nearly two decades ago. Yet, with technological advances and important lessons gained from previous outbreaks, perhaps the world is better equipped to deal with the most recent emergent group 2B coronavirus. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource 2019ncov, novel cov, Wuhan, wuhan pneumonia, coronavirus, Emerging viruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.3390/v12020135 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Viruses Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available MDPI AG Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Microbiology Language A language of the resource EN http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/f2ef0845c4132bdbce1c0d945281261d.pdf 52eb9507a8b4c74a059085fad119149e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Agricultura sostenible Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reúso del agua de producción de hidrocarburos: reto y oportunidad Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anabel Rial, Álvaro González Description An account of the resource La explotación de gas y petróleo demanda millones de metros cúbicos de agua que se convierten en residuo. Esta agua de producción (AP) se reinyecta en los pozos o se vierte en la naturaleza; solo un mínimo volumen es tratado para ser reutilizado en la industria o la agricultura. El reúso es la opción más responsable porque implica devolver agua regenerada al ciclo natural, transformar en activo nuestro pasivo ambiental, alargar la vida del recurso, reducir los vertimientos y proteger la seguridad alimentaria de las poblaciones locales. Si bien el reúso del agua es ineludible para algunos países, debería serlo para todos. Si el AP es un bien y no un residuo, y su gestión es clave en la transformación hacia la economía circular, debemos reflexionar respecto al reto para la sostenibilidad y la oportunidad de alianza y negocio que representa. A continuación, se exponen aspectos generales y particulares del AP en Colombia, en donde el reúso fuera de la industria, es menos del 0,3% anual, mientras que el vertimiento sigue siendo una práctica usual de gran impacto sobre los ecosistemas. El desconocimiento sobre la tecnología disponible, los costos de inversión, la legislación y la necesidad de alianzas, son retos para lograr los beneficios del reúso; no solo respecto a su calidad y cantidad en la naturaleza, sino a los negocios emergentes que surgirían como oportunidades de mercado responsable en torno a un bien común. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Subject The topic of the resource Colombia, Economia Circular, Humedales, Petróleo, plantas acuáticas, vertimiento Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.15446/ga.v23n1.87664 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Gestión y Ambiente Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidad Nacional de Colombia Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences Relation A related resource <a href="https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/gestion/article/view/87664" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/gestion/article/view/87664</a> http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/c861e0a179d26850e1a8567e56f26657.pdf dd4474b5332ea359b76150522df31952 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Agricultura sostenible Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revalorización y sostenibilidad tecnológica de los andenes interandinos agroecológicos en la región Arequipa-Perú Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nelva León de los Santos, Gerber Sergio Pérez Postigo, Sócrates Becerra Castillo, Jorge Louis Rodríguez Quispe Description An account of the resource Cabanaconde y Ayahuasi son comunidades que tienen aún enraizadas las costumbres ancestrales. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo sensibilizar a los agricultores de ambas localidades sobre la importancia de continuar con el uso de sus tecnologías agrícolas ancestrales, base de su seguridad alimentaria; el estudio se desarrolló con un enfoque mixto, usando técnicas cualitativas del Diagnostico Rural Participativo y encuestas aplicadas a 60 agricultores. Los datos fueron procesados con software SPSS-PASW Statistics18. Ambas comunidades no presentan diferencias significativas en uso de técnicas de riego, 50% de pobladores de Cabanaconde aplica técnica bajo riego, frente al 46,7% de Ayahuasi. Sobre cuidado ambiental, el 80% de la población en Ayahuasi refiere tenerlo y 60% en Cabanaconde; 46,7% de pobladores en Ayahuasi y 23,3% de Cabanaconde realizan rotación de cultivos. El 66,7% de agricultores en Cabanaconde y 60% en Ayahuasi no dejan descansar los suelos luego de la cosecha. El 100% de agricultores en Ayahuasi y 90% en Cabanaconde, no conocen sobre la buena disposición de envases de agrotóxicos. En aspectos nutricionales, Cabanaconde presenta 7 casos de sobrepeso y Ayahuasi 1 caso de desnutrición y 2 con sobrepeso. En conclusión, las técnicas participativas, en ambas comunidades lograron efectos positivos de motivación y sensibilización. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Subject The topic of the resource agroecológica, revalorización, seguridad alimentaria, sostenibilidad, tecnología andina Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Revista de Ciencias Sociales Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidad del Zulia Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Social sciences (General), Political science (General) Relation A related resource <a href="https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rcs/article/view/35316/37406" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rcs/article/view/35316/37406</a> http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/beb4b0e73fc5255703b9dcae78a66f8b.pdf d9bee8fd13c10374baff971ef4f7081f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revealing the Demonstration of Blockchain and Implementing Scope in COVID-19 Outbreak Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mansi Gupta, Vimal Kumar Description An account of the resource Blockchain is gaining attention since its development due to its features like immutability, transparency, decentralization.It can also be used as decentralized storage. Blockchain offers a wide range of digital services both in financial and nonfinancial sectors. In this paper, we discuss the basic concepts and terminologies associated with blockchain and discuss theapplication areas both in financial and non- financial sectors such as Digital voting, Digital identity, Education, etc. anddiscuss the existing framework in these areas, also the progress and challenges of global acquisition. The main highlight ofthis paper is COVID-19 and we discussed existing solutions to fight the COVID-19 pandemic by using such technology.This survey paper will be helpful for a data scientist as well as researchers to explore in the area COVID-19. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Subject The topic of the resource coronavirus, covid-19, blockchain, bitcoin, decentralized, P2P networks Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.165520 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Biotemas Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Management information systems http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/4017b5fb8919f033694c48a5452d0680.pdf b54322d7d96849651359cd713467b920 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Agricultura sostenible Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reverberações sociais e territoriais decorrentes de horta comunitária na perspectiva do planejamento urbano saudável Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dra. Ana Maria Girotti Sperandio, Mg. Arq.Adriana Aparecida Carneiro Rosa, Carolina Guida Cardoso do Carmo, rq. Danielle Pereira Montrezor Description An account of the resource Este artigo consiste na apresentação e reflexão através do resultado de Avaliação Pós Ocupação (APO) do projeto de horta comunitária, intervenção urbana realizada a partir de aliança entre poder público e comunidade, na cidade de Conchal, interior de São Paulo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar um diagnóstico da reverberação deste projeto após sua aplicação, bem como avaliar os potenciais aspectos positivos e negativos relacionados a construção de uma cidade saudável. A partirda APO realizada no entorno do projeto, aplicando a metodologia junto à moradores que possuem canteiros na horta, foi possível observar benefícios para a qualidade de vida dos envolvidos, intensifcação da integração e participação social, bem como o aumento e do sentimento de pertencimento dos trabalhadores em relação ao bairro. É possível concluir, com esse trabalho, que este tipo de intervenção urbana possui potencial de reverberação positiva nos usuários diretamente envolvidos, no território urbano e na relação entre ambos. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Subject The topic of the resource Agricultura urbana, Cidade Saudável, Qualidade de vida, planejamento urbano, política pública urbana Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 10.14409/ar.v0i10.6188 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived ARQUISUR Revista Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ediciones UNL Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Architecture Relation A related resource <a href="https://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar/publicaciones/index.php/ARQUISUR/article/view/6188/9321" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar/publicaciones/index.php/ARQUISUR/article/view/6188/9321</a> http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/0e2c426dde091ad409e277a8c92b5d44.pdf af4b9fd0c5665b71c6b4acb7bdc6d838 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reversal of the Progression of Fatal Coronavirus Infection in Cats by a Broad-Spectrum Coronavirus Protease Inhibitor. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yunjeong Kim, Hong-wei LIU, Anushka C Galasiti Kankanamalage, Sahani Weerasekara, Duy H Hua, William C. Groutas, Kyeong-Ok Chang, Niels C. Pedersen Description An account of the resource Coronaviruses infect animals and humans causing a wide range of diseases. The diversity of coronaviruses in many mammalian species is contributed by relatively high mutation and recombination rates during replication. This dynamic nature of coronaviruses may facilitate cross-species transmission and shifts in tissue or cell tropism in a host, resulting in substantial change in virulence. Feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) causes inapparent or mild enteritis in cats, but a highly fatal disease, called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), can arise through mutation of FECV to FIP virus (FIPV). The pathogenesis of FIP is intimately associated with immune responses and involves depletion of T cells, features shared by some other coronaviruses like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. The increasing risks of highly virulent coronavirus infections in humans or animals call for effective antiviral drugs, but no such measures are yet available. Previously, we have reported the inhibitors that target 3C-like protease (3CLpro) with broad-spectrum activity against important human and animal coronaviruses. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of our 3CLpro inhibitor in laboratory cats with FIP. Experimental FIP is 100% fatal once certain clinical and laboratory signs become apparent. We found that antiviral treatment led to full recovery of cats when treatment was started at a stage of disease that would be otherwise fatal if left untreated. Antiviral treatment was associated with a rapid improvement in fever, ascites, lymphopenia and gross signs of illness and cats returned to normal health within 20 days or less of treatment. Significant reduction in viral titers was also observed in cats. These results indicate that continuous virus replication is required for progression of immune-mediated inflammatory disease of FIP. These findings may provide important insights into devising therapeutic strategies and selection of antiviral compounds for further development for important coronaviruses in animals and humans. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005531 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived PLoS Pathogens Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Public Library of Science (PLoS) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Biology (General), Immunologic diseases. Allergy Language A language of the resource EN http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/3f02da910f92e2324abe2f55ecd8cd76.pdf aadf67f56180836e11a81e284abb10b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coronavirus Description An account of the resource Dominio científico: Coronavirus Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reverse genetic characterization of the natural genomic deletion in SARS-Coronavirus strain Frankfurt-1 open reading frame 7b reveals an attenuating function of the 7b protein <it>in-vitro </it>and <it>in-vivo</it> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grywna Klaus, Ditt Vanessa, Krähling Verena, Pfefferle Susanne, Mühlberger Elke, Drosten Christian Description An account of the resource Abstract During the outbreak of SARS in 2002/3, a prototype virus was isolated from a patient in Frankfurt/Germany (strain Frankfurt-1). As opposed to all other SARS-Coronavirus strains, Frankfurt-1 has a 45-nucleotide deletion in the transmembrane domain of its ORF 7b protein. When over-expressed in HEK 293 cells, the full-length protein but not the variant with the deletion caused interferon beta induction and cleavage of procaspase 3. To study the role of ORF 7b in the context of virus replication, we cloned a full genome cDNA copy of Frankfurt-1 in a bacterial artificial chromosome downstream of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Transfection of capped RNA transcribed from this construct yielded infectious virus that was indistinguishable from the original virus isolate. The presumed Frankfurt-1 ancestor with an intact ORF 7b was reconstructed. In CaCo-2 and HUH7 cells, but not in Vero cells, the variant carrying the ORF 7b deletion had a replicative advantage against the parental virus (4- and 6-fold increase of virus RNA in supernatant, respectively). This effect was neither associated with changes in the induction or secretion of type I interferon, nor with altered induction of apoptosis in cell culture. However, pretreatment of cells with interferon beta caused the deleted virus to replicate to higher titers than the parental strain (3.4-fold in Vero cells, 7.9-fold in CaCo-2 cells). In Syrian Golden Hamsters inoculated intranasally with 10e4 plaque forming units of either virus, mean titers of infectious virus and viral RNA in the lungs after 24 h were increased 23- and 94.8-fold, respectively, with the deleted virus. This difference could explain earlier observations of enhanced virulence of Frankfurt-1 in Hamsters as compared to other SARS-Coronavirus reference strains and identifies the SARS-CoV 7b protein as an attenuating factor with the SARS-Coronavirus genome. Because attenuation was focused on the early phase of infection in-vivo, ORF 7b might have contributed to the delayed accumulation of virus in patients that was suggested to have limited the spread of the SARS epidemic. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-6-131 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Virology Journal Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available BMC Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Infectious and parasitic diseases Language A language of the resource EN