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                  <text>Coronavirus</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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                <text>A Simulation of a COVID-19 Epidemic Based on a Deterministic SEIR Model</text>
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                <text>José M. Carcione, Juan E. Santos, Claudio Bagaini, Jing Ba</text>
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                <text>An epidemic disease caused by a new coronavirus has spread in Northern Italy with a strong contagion rate. We implement an SEIR model to compute the infected population and the number of casualties of this epidemic. The example may ideally regard the situation in the Italian Region of Lombardy, where the epidemic started on February 24, but by no means attempts to perform a rigorous case study in view of the lack of suitable data and the uncertainty of the different parameters, namely, the variation of the degree of home isolation and social distancing as a function of time, the initial number of exposed individuals and infected people, the incubation and infectious periods, and the fatality rate. First, we perform an analysis of the results of the model by varying the parameters and initial conditions (in order for the epidemic to start, there should be at least one exposed or one infectious human). Then, we consider the Lombardy case and calibrate the model with the number of dead individuals to date (May 5, 2020) and constrain the parameters on the basis of values reported in the literature. The peak occurs at day 37 (March 31) approximately, with a reproduction ratio R0 of 3 initially, 1.36 at day 22, and 0.8 after day 35, indicating different degrees of lockdown. The predicted death toll is approximately 15,600 casualties, with 2.7 million infected individuals at the end of the epidemic. The incubation period providing a better fit to the dead individuals is 4.25 days, and the infectious period is 4 days, with a fatality rate of 0.00144/day [values based on the reported (official) number of casualties]. The infection fatality rate (IFR) is 0.57%, and it is 2.37% if twice the reported number of casualties is assumed. However, these rates depend on the initial number of exposed individuals. If approximately nine times more individuals are exposed, there are three times more infected people at the end of the epidemic and IFR = 0.47%. If we relax these constraints and use a wider range of lower and upper bounds for the incubation and infectious periods, we observe that a higher incubation period (13 vs. 4.25 days) gives the same IFR (0.6 vs. 0.57%), but nine times more exposed individuals in the first case. Other choices of the set of parameters also provide a good fit to the data, but some of the results may not be realistic. Therefore, an accurate determination of the fatality rate and characteristics of the epidemic is subject to knowledge of the precise bounds of the parameters. Besides the specific example, the analysis proposed in this work shows how isolation measures, social distancing, and knowledge of the diffusion conditions help us to understand the dynamics of the epidemic. Hence, it is important to quantify the process to verify the effectiveness of the lockdown.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>epidemic, SEIR model, COVID-19, lockdown, infection fatality rate (IFR), reproduction ratio (R0)</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00230</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Frontiers in Public Health</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Frontiers Media S.A.</text>
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                <text>Public aspects of medicine</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Anthony GIDDENS. La política del cambio climático. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2010</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>José M. Echavarren</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2011</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Revista Internacional de Sociología</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://revintsociologia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revintsociologia/article/view/399" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://revintsociologia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revintsociologia/article/view/399&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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                <text>Ética y medio ambiente. La descomposición y recomposición de la razón práctica</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>José M. García Gómez-Heras</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="162185">
                <text>Todos observamos con inquietud un hecho incuestionable: el deterioro medioambiental de nuestro planeta «tierra». Muchos, además, reconocemos que la acción del hombre tiene mucho que ver con tal deterioro. Surge, por tanto, una pregunta ineludible: ¿Somos responsables de la crisis ecológica? Ésta, en ese caso, nos emplazaría ante un grave problema moral. En el pasado, la filosofía construyó los diferentes modelos de racionalidad práctica en función de los problemas a los que la humanidad tuvo que enfrentarse en un determinado momento de su historia. De ahí que, tras los múltiples intentos de reconstruir aquella racionalidad, parezca pertinente hoy en día reivindicar una reconstrucción de la ética priorizando en ella el problema de la dimensión moral de la acción humana sobre la naturaleza. Éste es el problema que aborda el presente ensayo.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2005</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>10.3989/isegoria.2005.i32.438</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Isegoría</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="162189">
                <text>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Philosophy (General)</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://isegoria.revistas.csic.es/index.php/isegoria/article/view/438" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://isegoria.revistas.csic.es/index.php/isegoria/article/view/438&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Generalización en las interacciones entre plantas y polinizadores Generalizations in the interactions between plants and pollinators</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>JOSÉ M. GÓMEZ</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Hasta fechas muy recientes, la mayoría de los estudios teóricos y empíricos sobre la evolución de la relación entre las plantas y sus polinizadores han asumido que estos sistemas están altamente especializados, es decir, cada especie vegetal es visitada por sólo unos cuantos polinizadores relacionados filogenéticamente como fruto de la selección impuesta por ellos. La omnipresencia de especialización se ha derivado de aceptar el principio del polinizador más eficiente, según el cual una planta debe especializarse en el polinizador más eficaz y/o más abundante cuando su disponibilidad es predecible. Muchos estudios han encontrado realmente que los polinizadores ejercen selección fenotípica sobre rasgos reproductivos de las plantas. Sin embargo, igual de evidente es el hecho de que muchas especies vegetales son polinizadas por conjuntos numerosos y taxonómicamente diversos de polinizadores. Estas observaciones sugieren que en realidad los sistemas de polinización son generalistas. La generalización es producida y mantenida por varios factores ecológicos entre los que destacan la variación espacial y la fluctuación temporal de la identidad de los polinizadores más importantes, la similitud en la eficiencia y preferencia por los rasgos florales por parte de polinizadores diferentes, la existencia de factores externos que reducen la capacidad de los polinizadores de afectar al fitness de la planta, y la existencia de selección indirectaA controversy exists about the importance of generalization versus specialization in pollination systems. Whereas the evolutionary and ecological theory speculates that the plant-pollinator systems should be highly specialized, many evolutionary ecologists now acknowledge that generalization is frequent in natural systems. There is still no consensus about which ecological factors can promote this counter-intuitive and paradoxical result. I propose that generalization in plant-pollination systems can arise by several non-exclusive factors. One kind of factors are related to the ability of pollinators of acting as true selective agents. Despite that many studies have shown that pollinators can provoke phenotypic selection on floral traits, only occasionally it has been shown that this selection actually produces any response to selection. Two main reasons can explain why pollinators cannot induce adaptations in many plants: (1a) a significant spatial and temporal variability in pollinator abundance and identity highly reduces the possibilities of congruent selection on floral traits; (1b) the occurrence of extrinsic factors acting during another stages of the plant reproductive and recruitment processes can also decrease the actual effect that pollinators has on fitness. A second group of factors are those related with the fact that, to specialization occurs, it is necessary that two different pollinators can constitute as completely separated selective agents, by differing in their per-visit efficiencies and/or floral trait preferences. By contrast, similarity in efficiency and preference will constrain specialization even although pollinators act as selective pressures, since plant will have not any criteria to benefit a given pollinator species with respect to the other</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2002</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="172557">
                <text>Generalización, ecología evolutiva, especialización, evolutionary ecology, generalization, interacciones planta-polinizador, plant-pollinator interactions, polinización, pollination biology, specialization</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="172558">
                <text>Revista Chilena de Historia Natural</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>BMC</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Botany, Zoology</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="172561">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0716-078X2002000100010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0716-078X2002000100010&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Identification of the Mechanisms Causing Reversion to Virulence in an Attenuated SARS-CoV for the Design of a Genetically Stable Vaccine.</text>
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                <text>Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño, Jose A Regla-Nava, Jose L. Nieto-Torres, Marta L. DeDiego, Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez, Raul Fernandez-Delgado, Stanley Perlman, Luis Enjuanes</text>
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                <text>A SARS-CoV lacking the full-length E gene (SARS-CoV-∆E) was attenuated and an effective vaccine. Here, we show that this mutant virus regained fitness after serial passages in cell culture or in vivo, resulting in the partial duplication of the membrane gene or in the insertion of a new sequence in gene 8a, respectively. The chimeric proteins generated in cell culture increased virus fitness in vitro but remained attenuated in mice. In contrast, during SARS-CoV-∆E passage in mice, the virus incorporated a mutated variant of 8a protein, resulting in reversion to a virulent phenotype. When the full-length E protein was deleted or its PDZ-binding motif (PBM) was mutated, the revertant viruses either incorporated a novel chimeric protein with a PBM or restored the sequence of the PBM on the E protein, respectively. Similarly, after passage in mice, SARS-CoV-∆E protein 8a mutated, to now encode a PBM, and also regained virulence. These data indicated that the virus requires a PBM on a transmembrane protein to compensate for removal of this motif from the E protein. To increase the genetic stability of the vaccine candidate, we introduced small attenuating deletions in E gene that did not affect the endogenous PBM, preventing the incorporation of novel chimeric proteins in the virus genome. In addition, to increase vaccine biosafety, we introduced additional attenuating mutations into the nsp1 protein. Deletions in the carboxy-terminal region of nsp1 protein led to higher host interferon responses and virus attenuation. Recombinant viruses including attenuating mutations in E and nsp1 genes maintained their attenuation after passage in vitro and in vivo. Further, these viruses fully protected mice against challenge with the lethal parental virus, and are therefore safe and stable vaccine candidates for protection against SARS-CoV.</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005215</text>
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                <text>PLoS Pathogens</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Coronavirus</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>The PDZ-binding motif of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein is a determinant of viral pathogenesis.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño, Jose L. Nieto-Torres, Marta L. DeDiego, Jose A Regla-Nava, Raul Fernandez-Delgado, Carlos Castaño-Rodriguez, Luis Enjuanes</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>A recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) lacking the envelope (E) protein is attenuated in vivo. Here we report that E protein PDZ-binding motif (PBM), a domain involved in protein-protein interactions, is a major determinant of virulence. Elimination of SARS-CoV E protein PBM by using reverse genetics caused a reduction in the deleterious exacerbation of the immune response triggered during infection with the parental virus and virus attenuation. Cellular protein syntenin was identified to bind the E protein PBM during SARS-CoV infection by using three complementary strategies, yeast two-hybrid, reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy assays. Syntenin redistributed from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm during infection with viruses containing the E protein PBM, activating p38 MAPK and leading to the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines. Silencing of syntenin using siRNAs led to a decrease in p38 MAPK activation in SARS-CoV infected cells, further reinforcing their functional relationship. Active p38 MAPK was reduced in lungs of mice infected with SARS-CoVs lacking E protein PBM as compared with the parental virus, leading to a decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and to virus attenuation. Interestingly, administration of a p38 MAPK inhibitor led to an increase in mice survival after infection with SARS-CoV, confirming the relevance of this pathway in SARS-CoV virulence. Therefore, the E protein PBM is a virulence domain that activates immunopathology most likely by using syntenin as a mediator of p38 MAPK induced inflammation.</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004320</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="4038">
                <text>PLoS Pathogens</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Biology (General), Immunologic diseases. Allergy</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Editorial: El Niño-Southern Oscillation on a Changing Planet: Consequences for Coastal Ecosystems</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="182168">
                <text>José M. Riascos, José M. Riascos, Dimitri Gutiérrez, Dimitri Gutiérrez, Rubén Escribano, Sven Thatje</text>
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                <text>2019</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="182170">
                <text>biological impacts, climate variability, coastal ecosystems, eastern boundary currents, marine ecology, oceanographic processes</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>10.3389/fmars.2019.00774</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Frontiers in Marine Science</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="182173">
                <text>Frontiers Media S.A.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00774/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2019.00774/full&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Avispas exóticas en la Patagonia: la importancia de la ecología de invasiones en el manejo de plagas</text>
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                <text>José M. Villacide, Maite Masciocchi, Juan C. Corley</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>El manejo integrado de plagas (MIP) se basa en el conocimiento de la ecología de las especies problema. Se ha sugerido que cuando las plagas son especies invasoras, la comprensión del proceso de invasión puede mejorar aun más nuestra capacidad de control de las plagas. Nuestro objetivo es revisar algunos atributos claves de la ecología y el comportamiento en el proceso de invasión de la avispa de los pinos Sirex noctilio y de la avispa chaqueta amarilla, Vespula germanica, y discutir sus implicancias sobre las acciones de manejo implementadas en el N.O. de la Patagonia Argentina. Investigaciones previas identificaron los factores determinantes del éxito de invasión, como la demografía, los atributos de la comunidad receptora y el papel de los disturbios, tanto para estas especies invasoras como para otras. Aquí ampliamos ese conocimiento y nos enfocamos en aquellos aspectos ecológicos y de conducta característicos de las distintas etapas del proceso de invasión. Mientras las acciones de control para la avispa de los pinos tuvieron carácter regional y forman parte de un plan de manejo establecido, para la chaqueta amarilla las medidas fueron de carácter local y sin coordinación espacio-temporal. En ambos casos, y pese a las acciones ejecutadas, las especies avanzaron geográficamente, se establecieron con éxito y generaron impactos importantes en nuevas áreas. Sugerimos que los limitados alcances en términos de eficiencia de control de las poblaciones son, en parte, consecuencia de acciones diseñadas e implementadas con una escasa contemplación de los atributos ecológicos y comportamentales clave de estas especies.</text>
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                <text>2014</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Hymenoptera, Sirex noctilio, Vespula germanica, avispas invasoras, manejo integrado de plagas</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>10.25260/EA.14.24.2.0.30</text>
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                <text>Ecología Austral</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="189373">
                <text>Asociación Argentina de Ecología</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Environmental sciences, Ecology</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/30" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/30&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Comportamiento del pasto Taiwán (Pennisetum purpureum) fertilizado con efluente de biogas en época de máxima precipitación pluvial</text>
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                <text>José M. Will, Guillermo Valle A.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Este trabajo se realiza en los predios del Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Atlántico “CURLA” a 15°47’ latitud norte y 86° 50’ longitud oeste, a 10 km al oeste de La Ceiba, Honduras. El ecosistema corresponde a bosque tropical lluvioso con 2700 mm de precipitación anual, 27°C de temperatura media y 82 % de humedad relativa. Los suelos presentan pH de 4.9, son bajos en N y P, altos en Fe y con valores medios de M n. Se utiliza un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones y parcelas de 2 x 3 m abarcando tres surcos del pasto. En cada bloque se aplicaron tres niveles de efluente de biogas de tal manera que suministraran 250, 500 y 750 kg de N/ha/año, además de un testigo con cero nivel de efluente. El pastose corta a nivel del suelo cada 56 días y la aplicación del efluente se hizo en loma fraccionada. Los resultados indican que, en general, los tratamientos fueron 25% superiores al testigo y que en los primeros cortes hubo tendencia a disminuir la producción para luego incrementarse en el último corte. Lo mismo ocurrió con la proteína, aunque el incremento de ésta en el pasto fue marcado (48%) en el último corte. El tratamiento que mejor resultado dio en cuanto a producción de forraje y contenido de proteína fue el de 500 kg N/ha/año.</text>
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                <text>2016</text>
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                <text>abono orgánico, forraje, gramíneas</text>
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                <text>10.15517/am.v1i0.25341</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Agronomía Mesoamericana</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="152461">
                <text>Universidad de Costa Rica</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Agriculture</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agromeso/article/view/25341" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agromeso/article/view/25341&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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        <src>http://socictopen.socict.org/files/original/1d8f2843155424578f745cb8e6ce72cd.pdf</src>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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                <text>Evolución y perspectivas de la agricultura familiar: de «propietarios muy pobres» a agricultures empresarios</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="156481">
                <text>José Mª Arribas Macho, Alfonso Orti, Luis Enrique Alonso</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Sin resumen</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="156483">
                <text>1991</text>
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                <text>Política y Sociedad</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Universidad Complutense</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Social sciences (General), Political institutions and public administration (General)</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/POSO/article/view/31704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/POSO/article/view/31704&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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