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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Cigarrinhas-das-pastagens em Santa Catarina: avaliação do complexo de espécies e da incidência natural de fungos entomopatogênicos</text>
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                <text>Leandro Prado Ribeiro, Angélica Ribolli Cazarotto</text>
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                <text>Resumo – Levantamentos sistemáticos foram realizados de modo a determinar a proporção de espécies no complexo de cigarrinhas-das-pastagens incidentes em pastagens estabelecidas em diferentes municípios de Santa Catarina e avaliar a incidência natural de fungos entomopatogênicos associados aos espécimens coletados. Para isso, cigarrinhas adultas foram coletadas em pastagens de grama-bermuda, Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85, sem histórico da aplicação de  micoinseticidas, em 12 municípios do estado usando rede de varredura. Em laboratório, a proporção de espécies de cigarrinhas foi determinada e a mortalidade natural observada durante dez dias, sendo os exemplares mortos desinfectados e mantidos em placas de Elisa para avaliação da incidência de fungos, com posterior isolamento dos mesmos. Com base nas amostras obtidas, foram identificadas sete espécies de cigarrinhas (Notozulia entreriana, Deois schach, Deois knoblauchii, Mahanarva integra, Deois flavopicta, Deois flexuosa e Deois incompleta), sendo N. entreriana e D. schach classificadas como superfrequentes, constantes, superdominantes e superabundantes de acordo com a análise faunística empregada. Além disso, foram encontradas 15 espécies de fungos em associação às cigarrinhas (Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Bipolaris sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Metarhizium sp., Mucor sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotia sp., Pithomiices sp. e Monilia sp.), sendo a maioria delas reconhecidas como patógenos oportunistas, saprofitos ou fungos endofíticos. A incidência natural do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium spp. foi baixa em todas as áreas amostradas (0,7% do total de cigarrinhas coletadas).   </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2019</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Cercopidae, Deois schach, Notozulia entreriana, amostragem populacional, controle microbiano</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>10.22491/RAC.2019.v32n2.11</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Revista Agropecuária Catarinense</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina - Epagri</text>
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                <text>Agriculture (General)</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://publicacoes.epagri.sc.gov.br/RAC/article/view/420" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://publicacoes.epagri.sc.gov.br/RAC/article/view/420&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Modelo de gestión de la información para los Consejos Comunales en Venezuela</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Cira Olivar Morillo, Nelly Primera Mendoza</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>El marco jurídico venezolano, otorga responsabilidades informacionales a los ciudadanos a través de mecanismos de participación, siendo uno de estos los Consejos Comunales (CC). En este sentido, el presente artículo propone un modelo de gestión de la información para los CC en Venezuela. La presente investigación es de tipo descriptiva y proyectiva, con un diseño documental y de campo, para ello se aborda teóricamente dicha gestión, mediante el análisis de los enfoques: incremento de la efectividad y ecología de la información; del mismo modo, se elaboró un diagnóstico con las limitaciones presentadas por los voceros de los CC en el cumplimiento de sus funciones informacionales.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187860">
                <text>2011</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187861">
                <text>Revista Venezolana de Gerencia</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187862">
                <text>Universidad del Zulia</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Business, Commerce</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=29018865007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=29018865007&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Potencial tintóreo de las plantas autóctonas de la estepa, Dto. Escalante, Chubut, Patagonia Argentina.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
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                <text>Silvia Gonzalez, Amanda Cordero, Mabel Segovia, Laura Castro</text>
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                <text>Introducción: En los tiempos actuales los tintes naturales cobran importancia por su inocuidad, durabilidad y conservación ambiental. Otorgan identidad regional a todo proyecto de índole artesanal donde se empleen vegetales para teñir. El presente trabajo estudia el potencial tintóreo sobre fibra lana merino de las plantas autóctonas de la estepa patagónica.    M&amp;M: El área de recolección del material vegetal tintóreo se circunscribió a la zona sureste del Chubut, Argentina, correspondiendo al Distrito Florístico del Golfo San Jorge. Se aplicó la receta madre para la obtención del tinte y se desarrollaron tres tipos de procedimientos, pre-mordentado, mordentado directo y post-mordentado, dependiendo del momento de aplicación del alumbre. Se emplearon modificadores de color bicarbonato de sodio y sulfato de hierro. Mediante el uso de la tabla universal del sistema Munsell (Color, 2009) se estudió el tono, la luminosidad y saturación.   Resultados: Se estudiaron 50 especies nativas de la Región Patagónica. En su totalidad se obtuvo la siguiente proporción: marrones 37%, amarillo 35 %, olivas 14%, grises 10% rosados 2 % y verdes 2%. Se destacan 9 especies de mayor saturación cromática. Los colores con mayor saturación se obtienen durante el proceso pre-mordentado. Las familias mejor representadas son Fabaceae y Asteraceae.   Conclusiones: Del análisis de la literatura de plantas empleadas para tintes naturales en Argentina, surge que numerosas especies estudiadas en la presente investigación no registran antecedentes y resultan ser prometedoras brindando colores intensos de saturaciones elevadas.  Podemos considerarlas verdaderos hallazgos y sugerirlas con alto potencial tintóreo para la fibra de lana merino.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2020</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Patagonia, Tintes naturales, botânica econômica, lana Merino, plantas autóctonas, potencial tintóreo</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187870">
                <text>Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187871">
                <text>Sociedad Argentina de Botánica</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Science, Botany</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/revistaadbia/revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/BSAB/article/view/29305" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/revistaadbia/revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/BSAB/article/view/29305&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187874">
                <text>La contaminación ambiental en los acuíferos de Ecuador</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187875">
                <text>Alcides Antúnez Sánchez, Lenin Lucas Guanoquiza Tello</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Ecuador, país rico en recursos hídricos, donde la interacción del hombre con la biosfera suscita problemas relacionados con la contaminación del agua, el suelo y el aire, elementos que inciden en el hambre y la pérdida de la flora y fauna autóctona. Son interrogantes para la ecología y la bioética dentro de la Pachamama. En América Latina, el reconocimiento del agua como derecho humano fundamental y como sujeto de derechos a la naturaleza dentro del marco constitucional del pluralismo jurídico constituye un paso para precautelar la seguridad hídrica que garantice el efectivo goce y ejercicio de los derechos. Por la permanencia de los ciclos naturales del agua como un bien desde los pueblos originarios dentro del sumak kwasay es necesario su protección adecuada. El agua tiene múltiples dimensiones en relación a cantidad, calidad y distribución. Su no adecuada calidad, afectada por actividades y procesos contaminantes ante la ausencia del impuesto por vertido en la política estatal es un fenómeno social, económico y ambiental. Constituye uno de los obstáculos para el “buen vivir”, implica fomentar la formación jurídica ambiental desde la bioética. Se han utilizado los métodos de la investigación como el histórico-lógico, el de análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción, y comparación jurídica.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2019</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187878">
                <text>Bioética, Buen Vivir, Recursos hídricos, contaminación, derechos</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187879">
                <text>10.24142/rvc.n19a4</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187880">
                <text>Revista Visión Contable</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Universidad Autonoma Latinoamericana</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                <text>Pitaia, da propagação à colheita: uma revisão</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Germano Ehlert Pollnow</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Novas frutas vêm conquistando consumidores e despertando a atenção de agricultores e agricultoras como alternativas de renda. É o caso da pitaia, fruta originária da América tropical com grande potencial de adaptação à diversas condições edafoclimáticas e que oferece diversos benefícios à saúde de seus consumidores. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é apresentar resultados de teses de doutorado e de dissertações de mestrado sobre o cultivo de base ecológica de pitaia, abordando aspectos sobre a propagação, instalação do pomar, até a colheita e pós-colheita. Além disso, considerações são traçadas sobre as potencialidades do cultivo para a agricultura familiar, como alternativa de diversificação produtiva e econômica das propriedades rurais.  New fruits have been gaining consumers and attracting the attention of farmers as income alternatives. This is the case of the pitaya, fruit originating in tropical America with great potential for adaptation to diverse soil and climatic conditions with several benefits to the health of his consumers. The objective of this bibliographical review is to present results of doctoral theses and dissertations on pitaya’s ecological base crop, covering aspects of propagation, orchard installation, until harvest and post-harvest. In addition, considerations were draw up about the potential of cultivation for family farming, as an alternative of productive and economic diversification of rural properties.  </text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2018</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Cactaceae, Fruticultura, fruta-do-dragão</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187889">
                <text>Revista Agropecuária Catarinense</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187890">
                <text>Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina - Epagri</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Agriculture (General)</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187892">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://publicacoes.epagri.sc.gov.br/RAC/article/view/239" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://publicacoes.epagri.sc.gov.br/RAC/article/view/239&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="88122">
                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Afectación de los derechos colectivos y de la seguridad alimentaria en el fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia caso Nicaragua c. Colombia</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187894">
                <text>Maria Andrea Bocanegra, Silvana Insignares Cera</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187895">
                <text>El presente artículo aborda el estado de los derechos colectivos y de la Seguridad Alimentaria del Pueblo raizal miskitos, afectados por el fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia caso Nicaragua vs. Colombia, que de manera directa restringe sus derechos ancestrales de pesca lo que pone en riesgo para ellos el acceso, la disponibilidad y permanencia del recurso pesquero.  Para ello se desarrollará i. la Seguridad Alimentaria como derecho y obligación en el derecho internacional. ii. el Caso Nicaragua vs. Colombia iii. la afectación de los derechos colectivos y la seguridad alimentaria de los Raizales en San Andrés. iv. consecuencias desde el escenario internacional y v. conclusión sobre si la Corte Internacional de Justicia debe tener en cuenta los derechos sociales, económicos y culturales, así como los derechos colectivos para tomar decisiones de fondo en disputas territoriales donde resulten vulnerados derechos consuetudinarios de grupos poblacionales de especial protección</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187896">
                <text>2020</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187897">
                <text>corte internacional de justicia, derechos colectivos, derechos económicos sociales y culturales, raizales, seguridad alimentaria</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187898">
                <text>10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/acdi/a.8695</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187899">
                <text>ACDI: Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187900">
                <text>Universidad del Rosario</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187901">
                <text>Law</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187902">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/acdi/article/view/8695" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/acdi/article/view/8695&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Doses e formas de aplicação do composto de dejetos suínos no cultivo orgânico de milho e feijão</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187904">
                <text>Eloi Erhard Scherer</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Um experimento foi conduzido de 2007 a 2012 em Chapecó (27°08’ S e 52°37’ W), SC, com o objetvo de avaliar o efeito do composto orgânico de dejetos de suínos na produção de milho e feijão no sistema orgânico. O delineamento experimental usado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetções. Nas parcelas, foram avaliadas formas de aplicação do composto (com ou sem incorporação) e, nas subparcelas, doses do composto (0, 2, 4 e 8t/ha). Usou-se a seguinte sequência na rotação de culturas: milho safra/aveia-preta – feijão/milho safrinha. Somente os cultvos de primavera (milho e feijão) receberam aplicação de composto. A utlização de composto aumentou a produção de milho e feijão em todos os anos. O incremento na produtvidade com as doses de composto usadas foi linear. Não se observou diferença na produtvidade de milho entre as modalidades de aplicação do composto, porém o feijão apresentou maior produtvidade quando da sua incorporação. A aveia-preta e o milho safrinha responderam positvamente ao efeito residual do composto aplicado à cultura anterior.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187906">
                <text>2020</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187907">
                <text>Agricultura orgânica, Phaseolus vulgaris, produção de grãos, zea mays</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187908">
                <text>Revista Agropecuária Catarinense</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187909">
                <text>Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina - Epagri</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>Agriculture (General)</text>
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            <name>Relation</name>
            <description>A related resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187911">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://publicacoes.epagri.sc.gov.br/RAC/article/view/612" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://publicacoes.epagri.sc.gov.br/RAC/article/view/612&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="88121">
                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
                </elementText>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187912">
                <text>Cigarrinha-do-milho e o complexo de enfezamentos em Santa Catarina: panorama, patossistema e estratégias de manejo</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187913">
                <text>Maria Cristina Canale, Leandro do Prado  Ribeiro</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187914">
                <text>Em Santa Catarina, surtos populacionais de cigarrinha-do-milho (Dalbulus maidis), inseto-vetor dos patógenos (molicutes e vírus) associados ao complexo de enfezamentos, foram observados na safra 2020/2021, com impacto significativo na produção e produtividade do milho. Assim, neste informativo são discutidos o panorama do problema no Estado, os principais aspectos etiológicos e bioecológicos dos agentes bióticos envolvido neste patossistema e as principais estratégias de manejo recomendadas para mitigar o seu impacto nas lavouras de milho.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187915">
                <text>2021</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187916">
                <text>Dalbulus maidis, enfezamento-pálido, enfezamento-vermelho, transmissão de fitopatógenos por insetos, virose-da-risca</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187917">
                <text>10.52945/rac.v34i2.1144</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187918">
                <text>Revista Agropecuária Catarinense</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187919">
                <text>Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina - Epagri</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="187920">
                <text>Agriculture (General)</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://publicacoes.epagri.sc.gov.br/RAC/article/view/1144" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://publicacoes.epagri.sc.gov.br/RAC/article/view/1144&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Cuando la variabilidad varía: Heterocedasticidad y funciones de varianza</text>
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                <text>Facundo J. Oddi, Fernando E. Miguez, Guido G. Benedetti, Lucas A. Garibaldi</text>
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                <text>La variabilidad es una característica inherente al mundo que nos rodea. Cuantificarla es clave para comprender muchos de los procesos de interés para las ciencias ambientales y sociales como, por ejemplo, la adaptación de las especies al cambio climático o la desigualdad social. Para cuantificar la variabilidad se suele usar la varianza, uno de los parámetros de la distribución normal. Sin embargo, los modelos lineales clásicos asumen que la varianza es constante (supuesto de homocedasticidad) y se preocupan sólo por los cambios en las tendencias promedio. Es posible extender los modelos clásicos y relajar el supuesto de homocedasticidad mediante funciones de varianza, muy poco difundidas y abordadas por los textos en español. En esta ayuda didáctica nos proponemos introducir las funciones de varianza en modelos lineales desde un enfoque teóricoaplicado. Comenzamos introduciendo un problema real en el que se espera que la varianza no sea constante, y lo acompañamos con un ejemplo simulado. Posteriormente, planteamos el modelo lineal clásico y discutimos cómo se lo puede extender para modelar la heterocedasticidad. A continuación, explicamos algunas de las funciones de varianza y las aplicamos al caso real y a los datos simulados. Para ello hacemos uso de la función gls() del paquete nlme de R y proveemos el código para la reproducción del análisis. También exponemos otras opciones disponibles en R para tratar con datos heterocedásticos. Esperamos que este artículo brinde las bases para que profesionales y científicos con conocimientos estadísticos básicos comiencen a utilizar funciones de varianza y amplíen el conjunto de herramientas para analizar sus datos.</text>
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                <text>2020</text>
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                <text>AIC, Mínimos  cuadrados  generalizados, R, criterios de información, función gls, function gls, general linear models, generalizedleast squares, information criteria, model selection, modelos anidados, modelos lineales generales, nested models, selección de modelos</text>
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                <text>10.25260/EA.20.30.3.0.1131</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187928">
                <text>Ecología Austral</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187929">
                <text>Asociación Argentina de Ecología</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Environmental sciences, Ecology</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1131" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1131&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Agricultura sostenible</text>
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                  <text>Dominio científico: Agricultura sostenible</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>La expansión del cultivo de la palma de aceite en Campeche. De los pequeños productores a la agroindustria transnacional</text>
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                <text>Ricardo Isaac Márquez</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Objetivo: describir las políticas que han impulsado el cultivo de palma de aceite en Campeche, la situación actual y las perspectivas futuras. Metodología: se realizó una revisión documental y se aplicó una encuesta productiva a una muestra representativa de palmicultores del estado de Campeche (n=137). Resultados: la expansión de la palma de aceite se ha llevado a cabo bajo un modelo de plantaciones campesinas a pequeña escala con escasa tecnificación, reducida productividad y dependencia de los apoyos gubernamentales. Limitaciones del estudio: la caracterización del cultivo de palma de aceite se enfoca en las prácticas de los pequeños productores, quienes representan 95% de los palmicultores del estado. Valor: se contribuye a la discusión sobre la expansión de la palma de aceite en México, mediante el estudio de caso de Campeche, que no había sido documentado hasta ahora. Conclusiones: los pequeños productores se encuentran en riesgo de desaparecer ante el cambio de las políticas públicas y la llegada de empresas agroindustriales transnacionales con plantaciones a gran escala, cuyos impactos potenciales en lo ambiental y en lo social no han sido evaluados.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2021</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187936">
                <text>Campeche, Pequeños productores, aceite de palma, desarrollo rural, palm growers, palm oil, palmicultores, rural development, small producers</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187937">
                <text>10.22198/rys2021/33/1370</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Región y Sociedad</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="187939">
                <text>El Colegio de Sonora</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Social Sciences, Social sciences (General)</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://regionysociedad.colson.edu.mx:8086/index.php/rys/article/view/1370/1727" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://regionysociedad.colson.edu.mx:8086/index.php/rys/article/view/1370/1727&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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