Molecular Characterization and Amino Acid Homology of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein in SARS-CoV-1, SARSCoV-2, MERS-CoV, and Bat Coronavirus

Molecular Characterization and Amino Acid Homology of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein in SARS-CoV-1, SARSCoV-2, MERS-CoV, and Bat Coronavirus

Kannan Subbaram, Hemalatha Kannan, Shantani Kannan, Sheeza Ali

Coronavirus disease – 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is posing a severe bio threat to the entire world. Nucleocapsids of SARSCoV-2 and the related viruses were studied for gene and amino acid sequence homologies. In this study,we established similarities and differences in nucleocapsids in SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratorysyndrome – coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), bat coronavirus (bat-CoV) and Middle East respiratorysyndrome - coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We conducted a detailed analysis of the nucleocapsid proteinamino acid and gene sequence encoding it, found in various coronavirus strains. After thoroughlyscreening the different nucleocapsids, we observed a close molecular homology between SARSCoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. More than 95% sequence similarity was observed between the two SARSCoV strains. Bat-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed 92% sequence similarity. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2nucleocapsid analysis indicated only 65% identity. Molecular characterization of nucleocapsids fromvarious coronaviruses revealed that SARS-CoV 2 is more related to SARS-CoV 1 and bat-CoV. SARS-CoV2 exhibited less resemblance with MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 showed less similarity to MERS-CoV. Thus,either SARS-CoV-1 or bat-CoV may be the source of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Moreover, the existingdifferences in nucleocapsid molecular structures in SARS-CoV-2 make this virus more virulent andhighly infectious, which means that the non-identical SARS-CoV-2 genes (which are absent in SARSCoV-1 and bat-CoV) are responsible for COVID-19 severity. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsidfrom different locations varied in amino acid sequences. This revealed that there are many SARS-CoV-2subtypes/subsets currently circulating globally. This study will help to develop antiviral vaccine anddrugs, study viral replication and immunopathogenesis, and synthesize monoclonal antibodies thatcan be used for precise COVID-19 diagnosis, without false-positive/false-negative results.

2020

Virulence, correlation, MERS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, nucleocapsid N protein, SARS-CoV-1, bat-cov

DOI: 10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.13

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology

Microbiology